flashrom

flashrom@flashrom.org

5 participants
9154 discussions

ERASE FAILED!
by Pascal Boidart 06 Apr '22

06 Apr '22

Hello Flashrom, I'm on latest Linux Mint. programmer ch341a_spi chip is a Macronix type MX25L6406E I'm trying to erase a chip with: sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi --erase -c "MX25L6406E/MX25L6408E" And I'm getting a erase failed. See log. pascal@pascal-mini:~/Desktop/Flashrom$ sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi --erase -c "MX25L6406E/MX25L6408E" flashrom v1.2 on Linux 5.4.0-107-generic (x86_64) flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns). Found Macronix flash chip "MX25L6406E/MX25L6408E" (8192 kB, SPI) on ch341a_spi. Erasing and writing flash chip... FAILED at 0x00000000! Expected=0xff, Found=0x00, failed byte count from 0x00000000-0x00000fff: 0x1000 ERASE FAILED! Looking for another erase function. FAILED at 0x00000000! Expected=0xff, Found=0x00, failed byte count from 0x00000000-0x0000ffff: 0xfad7 ERASE FAILED! Looking for another erase function. FAILED at 0x00000000! Expected=0xff, Found=0x00, failed byte count from 0x00000000-0x0000ffff: 0xfad7 ERASE FAILED! Looking for another erase function. FAILED at 0x00000000! Expected=0xff, Found=0x00, failed byte count from 0x00000000-0x007fffff: 0x6b7ef1 ERASE FAILED! Looking for another erase function. FAILED at 0x00000000! Expected=0xff, Found=0x00, failed byte count from 0x00000000-0x007fffff: 0x6b7ef1 ERASE FAILED! Looking for another erase function. Looking for another erase function. Looking for another erase function. No usable erase functions left. FAILED! Your flash chip is in an unknown state. Please report this on IRC at chat.freenode.net (channel #flashrom) or mail flashrom(a)flashrom.org, thanks! Any idea? Thanks Pascal

2 1

Google Summer of Code
by Alp 05 Apr '22

05 Apr '22

1 0

Questions regarding Easy projects
by Prakhar Agrawal 04 Apr '22

04 Apr '22

Hello, Hope you are doing well, I am Prakhar Agrawal, currently pursuing Electronics and Communications Engineering from Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham Amritapuri. (2019-2022). For the past 1 year, I have been working with startups to design and develop low latency embedded devices and have also been actively involved in running and managing the bi0s students club(India's best CTF team) While going through different organizations for GSOC 2022, I found Flashrom, and it caught my interest. I was trying to get familiar with the flashrom code-base through easy projects listed here <https://www.flashrom.org/Easy_projects#Fix_issues_found_by_scan-build> I had a few queries in '*Fix issues found by scan-build':-* - In serprog.c, function static int sp_stream_buffer_op( ), if (!sp) { msg_perr("Error: cannot malloc command buffer\n"); return 1; } sp is a pointer, in which a block of memory is being allocated, but in this function, if (!sp) i.e pointer is not null, i.e the memory has been allocated, then why should there be an error message? - While fixing the error generated from the error report, null was being passed to memcpy, here if (sp_stream_buffer_op(S_CMD_O_EXEC, 0, NULL) != 0) to try and fix this issue, I updated the function definition static int sp_stream_buffer_op(uint8_t cmd, uint32_t parmlen, uint8_t *parms){ uint8_t *sp; if (sp_automatic_cmdcheck(cmd)) return 1; sp = malloc(1 + parmlen); if (!sp) { msg_perr("Error: cannot malloc command buffer\n"); return 1; } sp[0] = cmd; /* * Fixed: Added an If block to check the parameter length, * if parameter length is 0 i.e- param is NULL return 1, * else do memcpy */ if(parmlen==0){ //memcpy(&(sp[1]),0, parmlen); msg_perr("Error: Cannot pass Empty parameter\n"); return 1; } else{ memcpy(&(sp[1]),parms, parmlen); } The above changes fixed the error of null value being passed, but now I am getting a memory leak error. Can someone guide me in the right direction on how to fix it? Hoping for a quick and positive response. Warm Regards Prakhar Agrawal Amritapuri <https://www.amrita.edu/campus/amritapuri> LinkedIn <https://www.linkedin.com/in/prakar-agrawal-984555154/>

2 1

Inquiry about your GSOC idea: 'Modernize the flashrom website'
by Mohit Nehra 01 Apr '22

01 Apr '22

Sir/ Ma'am, I hope you are having a wonderful day, The GSOC project idea 'Modernize the flashrom website' was present in the ideas list a week ago but now it is not visible anymore. Please tell if you have intentionally removed it from the ideas list or there is some bug resulting in its removal. Thank you. Mohit Nehra (An aspiring student/ contributor to flashrom GSOC 2022)

2 2

Gsoc 2022 Proposal help
by Shivesh Chaturvedi 31 Mar '22

31 Mar '22

Sir, My name is Shivesh Chaturvedi, I am a second year undergraduate student of the department of Mechanical Engineering enrolled in its btech course at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal India. I am a resident of Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India. I had worked on the project Idea of Modernising the UI of FlashRom website. I had now gone through the website nearly 2-3 dozen times and I had found some issues which I thought rectifying would help a lot of new people like me. I had worked on basically 5 main points :- 1. Improvement of UI. 2. Having a basic Tutorial on How to use the Website. 3. Some Pages are too long so the idea is to use their pagination view. 4. Having database support for pages like Supported Devices and other pages also will help to improve the website. 5. Having a community chat box feature will help the users very much. Currently I am trying to use Flashrom, but finding it very difficult as there is no proper tutorial available over the internet. I was attempting to contact using Liber Chat, but there was some miscommunication on the website. As a result, I'm sending a draft proposal to this email. Please Kindly take a look over them and do give me pointers that I am going in the right direction or not. Yours Sincerely Shivesh Chaturvedi (+91) 8840884608

1 0

Sharing info about flashrom HW seq code refactoring https://review.coreboot.org/q/topic:PCH_HW_SEQ_Cleanup
by Subrata Banik 31 Mar '22

31 Mar '22

Hello Team, Hope you are doing well. I would like bring this activity in your notice https://review.coreboot.org/q/topic:PCH_HW_SEQ_Cleanup and seek help to review the code. The reason for this refactoring of HW sequencing SPI driver code are: 1. We (Chrome OS team) recently ran into a firmware update issue on dogfooders (test device utilise by real users and share feedback) systems, where the attempt to perform SPI flash update operation from host-cpu (using underlying flashrom utility) is silently failing. Furthermore, we debug the issue with help of Intel and figure out the problem is related to multiple master is accessing the SPI flash and operation triggered by host-cpu side using flashrom (write and erase operation) is getting timed out (due to given lesser timeout boundary) due to underlying SPI bus is occupied by other master. This is the special case, starting from Tiger Lake Chrome Platform, where we have enable the PVAP (Protected Audio Video Path) which request CSE to perform some erase and write operation as needed. Now an attempt to perform firmware update from host-cpu side might coincide with the CSE performing SPI operations. The recommendation that coming out from Intel is to account the multiple master SPI operation while we are issuing the timeout from flashrom side. We are also expecting a doc update from Intel to share the exact timeout calculation (although I have attempted to document that early here https://review.coreboot.org/c/flashrom/+/62867/1/ichspi.c#35). 2. Maintain the code symmetry between coreboot and flashrom SPI hardware sequencing operations. From the testing side, I have tested this code on Alderlake `Brya`, Tigerlake `volteer` and Kabylake `eve` devices, and looking for help from community to check on other systems as well (if possible). Furthermore, I have attempted to increase the timeout which won't impact the flashrom performance on the older and/or existing systems. Looking forward for your help on this request. Thanks, Subrata

3 7

Inquiry about a required task for GSOC.
by Israa Odeh 31 Mar '22

31 Mar '22

Dear Flashrom Org, While I was looking for a GSOC contribution that appeals to my interests and attracts my attention. I noticed your GSOC project ideas for Flashrom, and specifically, the task labeled as "Modernize the flashrom website", which I found quite interesting. Generally, I enjoy web development using CSS, HTML, JavaScript, and PHP, and I'm willing to learn new skills, work with various frameworks, and learn about other helping platforms to enhance my abilities. However, I would like to gain more details about what this project idea requires in minute details so that I could prepare an appropriate proposal and a good plan if it is suitable to me. Please Kindly, provide me with additional information about the requirements. Examples of a bunch of details that I need to know: - Who will be the mentors? (This isn't clarified for each task separately). - What are the expected outcomes you hope to accomplish with this task? - Do you mean specifically that you need to improve the front-end? (Is it specifically a front-end improvement?) - Must the design be responsive? - Are there any predetermined languages or frameworks to use? - Could you clarify what do you mean by saying "However, we have to find out what we need and which framework supports what. Then, various frameworks need to be evaluated and we need a plan on how to migrate to the new site." I'd appreciate hearing the required details from you. Kind Regards Israa Odeh. Sent from Mail<https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=550986> for Windows

2 1

SPI flashing is the future! :-)
by Stefan Zett 27 Mar '22

27 Mar '22

Hi, i am no developer and spi flashing is very interesting for me. Please can someone write a short explanation about the status registers and block protect? Just for the usual hacker. Thanks Stefan

1 0

Board Asus P7P55D-E Chipset intel P55 reading works
by Stefan Zett 26 Mar '22

26 Mar '22

sudo flashrom -V -p internal -c "MX25L1605" -r 4d.rom flashrom v1.2 on Linux 5.4.0-91-generic (x86_64) flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org flashrom was built with libpci 3.6.4, GCC 9.2.1 20200304, little endian Command line (7 args): flashrom -V -p internal -c MX25L1605 -r 4d.rom Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns). Initializing internal programmer /sys/class/mtd/mtd0 does not exist No coreboot table found. Using Internal DMI decoder. DMI string chassis-type: "Desktop" DMI string system-manufacturer: "System manufacturer" DMI string system-product-name: "System Product Name" DMI string system-version: "System Version" DMI string baseboard-manufacturer: "ASUSTeK Computer INC." DMI string baseboard-product-name: "P7P55D-E" DMI string baseboard-version: "Rev 1.xx" Found chipset "Intel P55" with PCI ID 8086:3b02. This chipset is marked as untested. If you are using an up-to-date version of flashrom *and* were (not) able to successfully update your firmware with it, then please email a report to flashrom(a)flashrom.org including a verbose (-V) log. Thank you! Enabling flash write... Root Complex Register Block address = 0xfed1c000 GCS = 0xc65: BIOS Interface Lock-Down: enabled, Boot BIOS Straps: 0x3 (SPI) Top Swap: not enabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x0 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x0 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x1 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x1 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x2 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x2 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x3 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x3 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x4 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x5 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x6 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH IDSEL: 0x7 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode enabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode enabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode enabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode enabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode disabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode disabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode disabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode disabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode disabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode disabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode disabled 0x7fffffff/0x7fffffff FWH decode disabled Maximum FWH chip size: 0x100000 bytes SPI Read Configuration: prefetching enabled, caching enabled, BIOS_CNTL = 0x0b: BIOS Lock Enable: enabled, BIOS Write Enable: enabled Warning: Setting Bios Control at 0xdc from 0x0a to 0x09 failed. New value is 0x0b. SPIBAR = 0x00007fc4c1fbd000 + 0x3800 0x04: 0x6008 (HSFS) HSFS: FDONE=0, FCERR=0, AEL=0, BERASE=1, SCIP=0, FDOPSS=1, FDV=1, FLOCKDN=0 Programming OPCODES... done 0x06: 0x0000 (HSFC) HSFC: FGO=0, FCYCLE=0, FDBC=0, SME=0 0x50: 0x0000ffff (FRAP) BMWAG 0x00, BMRAG 0x00, BRWA 0xff, BRRA 0xff 0x54: 0x000f0000 FREG0: Flash Descriptor region (0x00000000-0x0000ffff) is read-write. 0x58: 0x01ff0000 FREG1: BIOS region (0x00000000-0x001fffff) is read-write. 0x5C: 0x002f0010 FREG2: Management Engine region (0x00010000-0x0002ffff) is read-write. 0x64: 0x01ff0050 FREG4: Platform Data region (0x00050000-0x001fffff) is read-write. 0x90: 0x04 (SSFS) SSFS: SCIP=0, FDONE=1, FCERR=0, AEL=0 0x91: 0xf87f10 (SSFC) SSFC: SCGO=0, ACS=0, SPOP=0, COP=1, DBC=63, SME=0, SCF=0 0x94: 0x5006 (PREOP) 0x96: 0x463b (OPTYPE) 0x98: 0x05200302 (OPMENU) 0x9c: 0xc79f0190 (OPMENU+4) 0xa0: 0x00000000 (BBAR) 0xc4: 0x00000000 (LVSCC) LVSCC: BES=0x0, WG=0, WSR=0, WEWS=0, EO=0x0, VCL=0 0xc8: 0x00002001 (UVSCC) UVSCC: BES=0x1, WG=0, WSR=0, WEWS=0, EO=0x20 0xd0: 0x00000000 (FPB) OK. The following protocols are supported: FWH, SPI. Probing for Macronix MX25L1605, 2048 kB: probe_spi_rdid_generic: id1 0xc2, id2 0x2015 Found Macronix flash chip "MX25L1605" (2048 kB, SPI) mapped at physical address 0x00000000ffe00000. Chip status register is 0x00. Chip status register: Status Register Write Disable (SRWD, SRP, ...) is not set Chip status register: Bit 6 is not set Chip status register: Bit 5 is not set Chip status register: Block Protect 2 (BP2) is not set Chip status register: Block Protect 1 (BP1) is not set Chip status register: Block Protect 0 (BP0) is not set Chip status register: Write Enable Latch (WEL) is not set Chip status register: Write In Progress (WIP/BUSY) is not set Reading flash... done. Restoring MMIO space at 0x7fc4c1fc08a0 Restoring MMIO space at 0x7fc4c1fc0874 Restoring MMIO space at 0x7fc4c1fc089c Restoring MMIO space at 0x7fc4c1fc0898 Restoring MMIO space at 0x7fc4c1fc0896 Restoring MMIO space at 0x7fc4c1fc0894 Restoring PCI config space for 00:1f:0 reg 0xdc

1 0

flashrom and ASUS PRIME_X370-PRO
by Andrew Grzegorek 26 Mar '22

26 Mar '22

sudo flashrom --programmer internal flashrom v1.2 on Linux 5.11.22-100.fc32.x86_64 (x86_64) flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns). Found chipset "AMD FP4". Enabling flash write... FCH device found but SMBus revision 0x59 does not match known values. Please report this to flashrom(a)flashrom.org and include this log and the output of lspci -nnvx, thanks!. Could not determine chipset generation.PROBLEMS, continuing anyway No EEPROM/flash device found. Note: flashrom can never write if the flash chip isn't found automatically. ----------------------------------------------------- lspci -nnvx 00:00.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Root Complex [1022:1450] Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device [1043:8747] Flags: fast devsel 00: 22 10 50 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 10 47 87 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:00.2 IOMMU [0806]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) I/O Memory Management Unit [1022:1451] Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device [1043:8747] Flags: fast devsel, IRQ 27 Capabilities: <access denied> 00: 22 10 51 14 00 04 10 00 00 00 06 08 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 10 47 87 30: 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 00:01.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1452] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 0 00: 22 10 52 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:01.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe GPP Bridge [1022:1453] (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 28, IOMMU group 1 Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: [disabled] Memory behind bridge: fe900000-fe9fffff [size=1M] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 53 14 07 04 10 00 00 00 04 06 10 00 81 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 00 f1 01 00 00 20: 90 fe 90 fe f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 00 12 00 00:01.3 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe GPP Bridge [1022:1453] (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 29, IOMMU group 2 Bus: primary=00, secondary=02, subordinate=09, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000e000-0000efff [size=4K] Memory behind bridge: fe400000-fe6fffff [size=3M] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 53 14 07 04 10 00 00 00 04 06 10 00 81 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 09 00 e1 e1 00 20 20: 40 fe 60 fe f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 00 12 00 00:02.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1452] DeviceName: Onboard IGD Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 3 00: 22 10 52 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:03.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1452] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 4 00: 22 10 52 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:03.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe GPP Bridge [1022:1453] (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 30, IOMMU group 5 Bus: primary=00, secondary=0a, subordinate=0a, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000d000-0000dfff [size=4K] Memory behind bridge: fe800000-fe8fffff [size=1M] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000e0000000-00000000efffffff [size=256M] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 53 14 07 04 10 00 00 00 04 06 10 00 81 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0a 0a 00 d1 d1 00 20 20: 80 fe 80 fe 01 e0 f1 ef 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 00 1a 00 00:04.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1452] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 6 00: 22 10 52 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:07.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1452] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 7 00: 22 10 52 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:07.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B [1022:1454] (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 31, IOMMU group 8 Bus: primary=00, secondary=0b, subordinate=0b, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: [disabled] Memory behind bridge: fe100000-fe3fffff [size=3M] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 54 14 07 04 10 00 00 00 04 06 10 00 81 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 0b 00 f1 01 00 00 20: 10 fe 30 fe f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 01 12 00 00:08.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-1fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1452] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 9 00: 22 10 52 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:08.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B [1022:1454] (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 32, IOMMU group 10 Bus: primary=00, secondary=0c, subordinate=0c, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: [disabled] Memory behind bridge: fe700000-fe7fffff [size=1M] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 54 14 07 04 10 00 00 00 04 06 10 00 81 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0c 0c 00 f1 01 00 00 20: 70 fe 70 fe f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 01 12 00 00:14.0 SMBus [0c05]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SMBus Controller [1022:790b] (rev 59) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device [1043:8747] Flags: 66MHz, medium devsel, IOMMU group 11 Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus Kernel modules: i2c_piix4, sp5100_tco 00: 22 10 0b 79 03 04 20 02 59 00 05 0c 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 10 47 87 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:14.3 ISA bridge [0601]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH LPC Bridge [1022:790e] (rev 51) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device [1043:8747] Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0, IOMMU group 11 00: 22 10 0e 79 0f 00 20 02 51 00 01 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 10 47 87 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:18.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 0 [1022:1460] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 12 00: 22 10 60 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:18.1 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 1 [1022:1461] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 12 00: 22 10 61 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:18.2 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 2 [1022:1462] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 12 00: 22 10 62 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:18.3 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 3 [1022:1463] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 12 Kernel driver in use: k10temp Kernel modules: k10temp 00: 22 10 63 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:18.4 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 4 [1022:1464] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 12 00: 22 10 64 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:18.5 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 5 [1022:1465] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 12 00: 22 10 65 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:18.6 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 6 [1022:1466] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 12 00: 22 10 66 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:18.7 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 7 [1022:1467] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 12 00: 22 10 67 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller [0108]: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd NVMe SSD Controller SM981/PM981/PM983 [144d:a808] (prog-if 02 [NVM Express]) Subsystem: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd Device [144d:a801] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 70, NUMA node 0, IOMMU group 13 Memory at fe900000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: nvme Kernel modules: nvme 00: 4d 14 08 a8 06 04 10 00 00 02 08 01 10 00 00 00 10: 04 00 90 fe 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4d 14 01 a8 30: 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 00 00 02:00.0 USB controller [0c03]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] X370 Series Chipset USB 3.1 xHCI Controller [1022:43b9] (rev 02) (prog-if 30 [XHCI]) Subsystem: ASMedia Technology Inc. Device [1b21:1142] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 25, IOMMU group 14 Memory at fe6a0000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=32K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: xhci_hcd 00: 22 10 b9 43 06 04 10 00 02 30 03 0c 10 00 80 00 10: 04 00 6a fe 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 21 1b 42 11 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 00 00 02:00.1 SATA controller [0106]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] X370 Series Chipset SATA Controller [1022:43b5] (rev 02) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0]) Subsystem: ASMedia Technology Inc. Device [1b21:1062] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 42, IOMMU group 14 Memory at fe680000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K] Expansion ROM at fe600000 [disabled] [size=512K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: ahci 00: 22 10 b5 43 06 04 10 00 02 01 06 01 10 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 68 fe 00 00 00 00 21 1b 62 10 30: 00 00 60 fe 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0a 02 00 00 02:00.2 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] X370 Series Chipset PCIe Upstream Port [1022:43b0] (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 33, IOMMU group 14 Bus: primary=02, secondary=03, subordinate=09, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000e000-0000efff [size=4K] Memory behind bridge: fe400000-fe5fffff [size=2M] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 b0 43 07 04 10 00 02 00 04 06 10 00 81 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 03 09 00 e1 e1 00 00 20: 40 fe 50 fe f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0f 03 12 00 03:00.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] 300 Series Chipset PCIe Port [1022:43b4] (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 34, IOMMU group 14 Bus: primary=03, secondary=04, subordinate=04, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: [disabled] Memory behind bridge: [disabled] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 b4 43 07 04 10 00 02 00 04 06 10 00 01 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 04 04 00 f1 01 00 00 20: f0 ff 00 00 f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 12 00 03:02.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] 300 Series Chipset PCIe Port [1022:43b4] (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 35, IOMMU group 14 Bus: primary=03, secondary=05, subordinate=05, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: [disabled] Memory behind bridge: [disabled] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 b4 43 07 04 10 00 02 00 04 06 10 00 01 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 05 05 00 f1 01 00 00 20: f0 ff 00 00 f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0f 01 12 00 03:03.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] 300 Series Chipset PCIe Port [1022:43b4] (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 37, IOMMU group 14 Bus: primary=03, secondary=06, subordinate=06, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: [disabled] Memory behind bridge: [disabled] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 b4 43 07 04 10 00 02 00 04 06 10 00 01 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 06 06 00 f1 01 00 00 20: f0 ff 00 00 f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 01 12 00 03:04.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] 300 Series Chipset PCIe Port [1022:43b4] (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 38, IOMMU group 14 Bus: primary=03, secondary=07, subordinate=07, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: [disabled] Memory behind bridge: fe500000-fe5fffff [size=1M] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 b4 43 07 04 10 00 02 00 04 06 10 00 01 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 07 07 00 f1 01 00 00 20: 50 fe 50 fe f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 12 00 03:06.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] 300 Series Chipset PCIe Port [1022:43b4] (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 39, IOMMU group 14 Bus: primary=03, secondary=08, subordinate=08, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000e000-0000efff [size=4K] Memory behind bridge: fe400000-fe4fffff [size=1M] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 b4 43 07 04 10 00 02 00 04 06 10 00 01 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 08 08 00 e1 e1 00 00 20: 40 fe 40 fe f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0f 01 12 00 03:07.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] 300 Series Chipset PCIe Port [1022:43b4] (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 40, IOMMU group 14 Bus: primary=03, secondary=09, subordinate=09, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: [disabled] Memory behind bridge: [disabled] Prefetchable memory behind bridge: [disabled] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00: 22 10 b4 43 07 04 10 00 02 00 04 06 10 00 01 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 09 09 00 f1 01 00 00 20: f0 ff 00 00 f1 ff 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 01 12 00 07:00.0 USB controller [0c03]: ASMedia Technology Inc. ASM1143 USB 3.1 Host Controller [1b21:1343] (prog-if 30 [XHCI]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device [1043:86f2] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 25, IOMMU group 14 Memory at fe500000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=32K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: xhci_hcd 00: 21 1b 43 13 06 04 10 00 00 30 03 0c 10 00 00 00 10: 04 00 50 fe 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 10 f2 86 30: 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 00 00 08:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Intel Corporation I211 Gigabit Network Connection [8086:1539] (rev 03) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device [1043:85f0] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 24, IOMMU group 14 Memory at fe400000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K] I/O ports at e000 [size=32] Memory at fe420000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: igb Kernel modules: igb 00: 86 80 39 15 07 04 10 00 03 00 00 02 10 00 00 00 10: 00 00 40 fe 00 00 00 00 01 e0 00 00 00 00 42 fe 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 10 f0 85 30: 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0f 01 00 00 0a:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Oland PRO [Radeon R7 240/340] [1002:6613] (rev 87) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd. [MSI] Device [1462:8094] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 97, IOMMU group 15 Memory at e0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] Memory at fe800000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256K] I/O ports at d000 [size=256] Expansion ROM at 000c0000 [disabled] [size=128K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: radeon Kernel modules: radeon, amdgpu 00: 02 10 13 66 07 04 10 00 87 00 00 03 10 00 80 00 10: 0c 00 00 e0 00 00 00 00 04 00 80 fe 00 00 00 00 20: 01 d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 62 14 94 80 30: 00 00 84 fe 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0e 01 00 00 0a:00.1 Audio device [0403]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Oland/Hainan/Cape Verde/Pitcairn HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 7000 Series] [1002:aab0] Subsystem: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd. [MSI] Device [1462:aab0] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 99, IOMMU group 15 Memory at fe860000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel 00: 02 10 b0 aa 07 04 10 00 00 00 03 04 10 00 80 00 10: 04 00 86 fe 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 62 14 b0 aa 30: 00 00 00 00 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 02 00 00 0b:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Zeppelin/Raven/Raven2 PCIe Dummy Function [1022:145a] Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Zeppelin/Raven/Raven2 PCIe Dummy Function [1022:145a] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 16 Capabilities: <access denied> 00: 22 10 5a 14 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 13 10 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 10 5a 14 30: 00 00 00 00 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 0b:00.2 Encryption controller [1080]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Platform Security Processor [1022:1456] Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Platform Security Processor [1022:1456] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 72, IOMMU group 17 Memory at fe200000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1M] Memory at fe300000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: ccp Kernel modules: ccp 00: 22 10 56 14 06 04 10 00 00 00 80 10 10 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 fe 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 fe 00 00 00 00 22 10 56 14 30: 00 00 00 00 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0a 02 00 00 0b:00.3 USB controller [0c03]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Zeppelin USB 3.0 Host controller [1022:145f] (prog-if 30 [XHCI]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device [1043:8747] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 61, IOMMU group 18 Memory at fe100000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1M] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: xhci_hcd 00: 22 10 5f 14 07 04 10 00 00 30 03 0c 10 00 80 00 10: 04 00 10 fe 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 10 47 87 30: 00 00 00 00 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0f 03 00 00 0c:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Zeppelin/Renoir PCIe Dummy Function [1022:1455] Subsystem: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Zeppelin/Renoir PCIe Dummy Function [1022:1455] Flags: fast devsel, IOMMU group 19 Capabilities: <access denied> 00: 22 10 55 14 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 13 10 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 10 55 14 30: 00 00 00 00 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 00 00 00 0c:00.2 SATA controller [0106]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode] [1022:7901] (rev 51) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device [1043:8747] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 44, IOMMU group 20 Memory at fe708000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: ahci 00: 22 10 01 79 07 04 10 00 51 01 06 01 10 00 80 00 10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 80 70 fe 00 00 00 00 43 10 47 87 30: 00 00 00 00 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0f 02 00 00 0c:00.3 Audio device [0403]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) HD Audio Controller [1022:1457] Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device [1043:8733] Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 101, IOMMU group 21 Memory at fe700000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=32K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel 00: 22 10 57 14 06 04 10 00 00 00 03 04 10 00 80 00 10: 00 00 70 fe 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 10 33 87 30: 00 00 00 00 48 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 03 00 00 ----------------------------------------------------- Best Regards, Andrew

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